References to Horkheimer and Adorno’s culture industry – the homogenizing, rationalizing process that removes individuality from cultural production and consumption, as a root for cultural studies. Subcultures are social groups, but socialness is unique to group. Primary role of ethnography and anthropology in documenting subculture, as well as Chicago School of sociology. Origins in 1940s, but ideas and presence of subculture has existence long prior to this – examinations of ‘fringe’ or ‘anti-‘ society folks, the inhabitants of ‘underworlds’ of ‘unproductivity and instability’ – in Elizabethan literature and into nineteenth century England – examination of lumpenproletariat by Marx (continues into English narrative of skinheads, mods, well into the 1970s, and migration of these ideas to America around turn of the century). Different subcultures deal with subcultural difference – well, differently- celebrating, or dreading difference. ![]() Subcultures as “groups of people that are in some way represented as non-normative and/or marginal through their particular interests and practices, through what way they are, what they do and where they do it” (1). “The Field of Subcultural Studies” – Ken Gelder – pp.
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